The Development of Humanities and Social Sciences
The Development of Humanities and Social Sciences (DHSS) is a fully open-access online journal that publishes research from across—and between—all areas of the humanities, behavioral, and social sciences. All submissions undergo a rigorous double-blind peer review process.
All articles published in this journal are licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0). This license permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are properly credited. Authors retain copyright of their work, and readers are free to copy, share, adapt, and build upon the material for any purpose, including commercial use, as long as appropriate attribution is given.
“Integrated Medical and Nursing Care” Service Practice: The Adaptive Roles of Social Workers in Elderly Care Institutions and Implications for Age-Friendly Modifications
This study examines elderly care institutions to investigate how the scope and quality of age-friendly environmental modifications continuously shape the effectiveness of integrated medical and nursing care services, and analyzes the adaptive responses and practices of social workers within this process. Based on qualitative research, the findings reveal that inadequacies in the built environment directly trigger service disruptions and potential risks, forming a “hidden bottleneck” that restricts service quality. Social workers exhibit significant agency by proactively adopting assessment, advocacy, and coordination strategies. Nevertheless, their effectiveness is constrained by structural factors including resource shortages and institutional limitations. This study advocates for a synergistic “Environment–Service–Person” framework and highlights age-friendly environmental modification as a core determinant of service quality. Such a perspective is critical to promoting the operationalization of integrated medical and nursing care and improving overall service quality.
Copyright (c) 2026 Guoliang Xu, Xingqi Tian (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
A Preliminary Study on the Cultural Value and Protection of Ancient Town Architecture in Fencheng, Shanxi
This paper examines Fencheng Ancient Town, an ancient architectural complex located in Shanxi Province, China, through an analysis of its architectural characteristics, cultural significance, and conservation strategies. The town is distinguished by its long history, favorable natural environment, and rich cultural traditions. Its spatial layout is organized around the Drum Tower as the central core, forming a well-structured urban pattern.The principal architectural forms exhibit distinctive features, including the decorated front wall and the stage of the City God Temple, the screen wall and lattice doors of the Confucian Temple, as well as structures such as examination halls and pre-school towers, all of which embody profound cultural meanings. Both the overall layout and the individual architectural elements reflect the integration of local agrarian traditions and Confucian culture.In response to current challenges, such as the decline of traditional customs and inadequate building conservation, this study proposes a series of targeted strategies aimed at promoting the sustainable preservation and development of Fencheng Ancient Town.
Copyright (c) 2026 Yihua Xu, Junjie Niu (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Dietary Cholesterol and Cardiovascular Disease: The Triangular Relationship Between Evidence-Based Medicine, Public Health Policy, and the Food Industry as Seen Through the Evolution of Dietary Guidelines
The relationship between dietary cholesterol and cardiovascular disease is one of the most controversial topics in the history of nutritional science. This paper systematically reviews the historical evolution of dietary cholesterol recommendations in dietary guidelines since the mid-20th century, revealing the complex interplay among evidence-based medicine, public health policy, and the food industry that underlies this evolution. The study finds that the evolution of dietary cholesterol recommendations is not a simple narrative of scientific progress, but rather a tortuous process involving “hypothesis establishment—policy entrenchment—scientific revision—and interest-based bargaining.” From the 1950s to the 1970s, Ancel Keys’ “lipid hypothesis” was established as the dominant paradigm within a specific historical context, and strategic interventions by the sugar industry further reinforced the singular attribution of health risks to “fat and cholesterol.” The first edition of the U.S. Dietary Guidelines in 1980 established a daily upper limit of 300 mg for dietary cholesterol, a standard adopted by many countries over the following four decades. However, the 2015 U.S. Dietary Guidelines’ decision to remove the cholesterol limit marked a fundamental shift in scientific understanding—from a focus on individual nutrients to a holistic dietary pattern. The issue of industry influence exposed in the 2025 edition of the U.S. Dietary Guidelines reveals the tension between scientific consensus and policy-making. The “ultra-processed foods” classification system in the Brazilian Dietary Guidelines represents a new path away from the reductionist paradigm. This article argues that the essence of the dietary cholesterol controversy lies in the conflict between “reductionist” and “holistic” scientific paradigms. Public health decision-making requires the establishment of more robust mechanisms to prevent conflicts of interest, while future nutritional science should transcend debates over individual nutrients and return to the fundamentals of whole foods and dietary patterns.
Copyright (c) 2026 Fengyu Wu (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
From Shell Preservation to Value Reconstruction:Based Analysis of Bankruptcy Reorganization in Delisted Private Firms
With the rapid development of China’s capital market, a large number of private enterprises have achieved listing and promoted national economic growth. However, under the background of economic transformation and industrial structure adjustment, many listed companies have fallen into operational difficulties due to internal governance problems and market changes, and eventually face delisting. In order to protect investors’ rights and rescue valuable delisted enterprises, China promulgated the Enterprise Bankruptcy Law of the People’s Republic of China in 2007, introducing the bankruptcy reorganization system. At present, only three enterprises have successfully re listed after delisting and reorganization, indicating that the bankruptcy reorganization system of delisted companies is still imperfect, with low application frequency and insufficient academic research. As a large private listed enterprise engaged in cable materials, Jiangsu Dewei New Materials Co., Ltd. has largescale assets, numerous creditors and stakeholders, and has typical research value. This paper takes Dewei New Materials as a case, adopts literature analysis, case analysis and a combination of qualitative and quantitative methods, systematically combs the bankruptcy background, reorganization motivation, model selection, implementation process and effect of the company, and reveals how highquality enterprises can achieve rebirth through the bankruptcy reorganization system. The study finds that Dewei New Materials has got out of the financial crisis and achieved legal rebirth by introducing social capital as strategic investors, implementing share consolidation, debt restructuring and other measures. This case provides important reference for the bankruptcy reorganization practice of China’s delisted private enterprises.
Copyright (c) 2026 Yuhao Qiu (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Research on Digital Ethical Dilemmas of Applied University Students in Beijing from the Perspective of AIGC-Empowered Education
The rapid development of Generative Artificial Intelligence (AIGC) has led to its widespread application in the field of education. While students in applied universities enjoy the technological convenience, it has also triggered a series of digital ethical challenges, including blurred boundaries of academic integrity, difficulty in distinguishing information quality, increased technological dependence, and leakage of private data. Currently, due to the imperfect construction of relevant laws, regulations, and institutional systems in both China and higher education institutions, students' understanding of digital ethics remains unclear, forming a dilemma of "technology application first, ethical norms lagging behind." This study focuses on students from applied universities in Beijing as the research subjects. Employing research methods such as web crawling, questionnaire surveys, and in-depth interviews, it collects primary data from applied universities in Beijing to deeply analyze the ethical issues students encounter while using AIGC tools and their underlying causes. The research identifies four major dilemmas faced by students in AIGC applications: unclear cognition, degradation of core competencies, lack of institutional norms, and insufficient educational guidance. In response to these issues, this paper proposes optimizing pathways including constructing a multi-level digital ethics education system, building a thinking cultivation system to prevent technological dependence, improving layered and categorized management systems, and strengthening the systematic development of teaching staff. It aims to provide theoretical reference and practical insights for applied universities to cultivate talents possessing both high professional competence and high digital literacy.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ziyang Sun, Ruimin Wang (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Differentiating Effect of Family Socioeconomic Status on College Students' Healthy Lifestyles: The Mediating Role of Health Literacy
To investigate the influence pathway of family socioeconomic status (SES) on college students’ healthy lifestyles and to examine the mediating mechanism of health literacy in this relationship. A convenience sampling method was used to recruit 1,050 college students from 9 universities in central and western China as research subjects; A cross-sectional survey was conducted using standardized scales, including the Family Socioeconomic Status Scale, the Health Literacy Rapid Assessment Questionnaire (HLRAQ), and the Health-Promoting Lifestyle Scale II (HPLP-II); Stratified stepwise regression analysis was used, and based on Hayes' (2017) Process macro Model 4, the bias-corrected Bootstrap method (repeated sampling 5,000 times) was performed in SPSS22.0 to test the mediating effect and confidence intervals of health literacy. Pearson correlation analysis revealed varying associations between dimensions of family SES, healthy lifestyle, and health literacy, with differences in both direction and magnitude: Family economic status was significantly positively correlated with both healthy lifestyle (r = 0.091, p < 0.05) and health literacy (r = 0.088, p < 0.05); Family social status was significantly negatively correlated with healthy lifestyle (r = -0.113, p < 0.05) and health literacy (r = -0.065, p < 0.05). Health literacy was strongly positively correlated with a healthy lifestyle (r = 0.259, p < 0.001). The mediating effect test further indicated that health literacy played a partial mediating role between family economic status and healthy lifestyle, with an indirect effect β=0.022 (SE=0.0028,95% CI [0.006, 0.041]), accounting for 24.18% of the total effect; It also played a partial mediating role between family social status and healthy lifestyle, with an indirect effect β= -0.016 (SE=0.0082,95% CI [-0.0330, -0.0005]), accounting for 14.58% of the total effect. The family SES is not a single construct, and its economic dimension and social dimension have independent effects on the healthy lifestyle of college students in opposite directions and with different intensities; Health literacy is a key psychological mediating variable that links family background to individual health behavior. This study systematically reveals for the first time the differentiated pathways of SES multi-dimensionality in the formation of health behaviors, providing high-quality empirical evidence and theoretical support for universities to implement stratified, classified, targeted and precise health literacy improvement and health behavior intervention.
Copyright (c) 2026 Changfeng Xue, Ping Li (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Short-Video Social Media Use on Anxiety: Evidence from Graduate Students
In the context of digital transformation, short-video social media has become a central element in graduate students’ daily lives. The mental health risks and behavioral deviations resulting from its excessive use have emerged as a critical topic in organizational behavior and higher education management. Drawing on an integrated perspective of self-regulatory failure theory and conservation of resources theory, this study develops a moderated mediation model in which sleep procrastination mediates the relationship between short-video social media use and anxiety, and time management skills serves as a boundary condition. Using survey data from 486 graduate students across six universities and structural equation modeling for empirical testing, this study finds that short-video social media use is positively and significantly related to graduate students’ anxiety, and that short-video social media use is also positively and significantly associated with sleep procrastination. Sleep procrastination partially mediates the link between short-video social media use and anxiety, and time management skills significantly moderates the association between sleep procrastination and anxiety. This study reveals the underlying mechanism through which digital media use affects graduate students’ mental health, broadens the application of self-regulatory failure theory in digital behavior research, and provides empirical implications for universities to implement targeted management practices and for graduate students to enhance self-regulation abilities.
Copyright (c) 2026 Manzhi Liu, Yixuan Hu (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Managing Massification: Challenges of Expansion and Equity in Chinese Higher Education
China’s transition from elite to mass higher education over the past two decades represents one of the most rapid expansions of tertiary education in history. This article examines how the massification of Chinese higher education-marked by a gross enrollment ratio rising from under 10% in 1998 to nearly 60% in 2021-has created new opportunities and complex challenges. We review the policies and outcomes of the post-1999 enrollment expansion, highlighting its positive impact on access and human capital formation alongside persistent inequities and quality concerns. Drawing on national data and extensive literature, we find that expanded college access has benefitted millions of students and propelled China into the stage of universal higher education. At the same time, disparities by region, urban-rural origin, and socioeconomic status remain stubbornly entrenched, and the surge in graduates has intensified pressure on educational resources and labor markets. The analysis foregrounds equity issues-including rural underrepresentation and stratification of elite institutions-as central challenges in managing massification. It also discusses government initiatives aimed at mitigating inequality (such as targeted admission programs and funding reforms) and improving quality amid rapid growth. We conclude that achieving both expansion and equity requires balancing quantitative growth with policy measures to ensure inclusion and quality. China’s experience offers lessons on the promises and perils of massification for other developing higher education systems.
Copyright (c) 2025 Junxiu Liu (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Research on International Pharmaceutical Marketing Strategies from a Cross-Cultural Perspective
This study grounded in the realities of economic globalization and the deepening internationalization of the pharmaceutical industry, focuses on the core cross-cultural marketing challenges faced by multinational pharmaceutical companies. It systematically reviews existing research findings on international pharmaceutical marketing strategies from a cross-cultural perspective. Three major gaps currently exist in this field: insufficient integration of classical cross-cultural theories with the specific characteristics of the pharmaceutical industry, incomplete coverage of emerging markets, and lagging research on adaptation to digital scenarios. This review constructs a systematic analytical framework to integrate existing theoretical and empirical research, clarifying the field's research trajectory and existing limitations. It provides scientific reference for multinational pharmaceutical companies in formulating cross-cultural marketing strategies while pointing the way for future research in this area, thereby contributing to the healthy and orderly development of the global pharmaceutical market.
Copyright (c) 2026 Xiaoqi Shao (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Digitalization-Enabled Red Culture Education: The University-Museum Collaboration Model
Red culture stands as a core resource for cultivating new-generation talents, while university-museum collaboration constitutes a critical pathway for red culture inheritance. Against the backdrop of digital transformation, this study, rooted in collaborative governance theory and digital governance theory, systematically analyzes the resource foundations, digital transformation potential, core managerial dilemmas, and intrinsic operational mechanisms of red culture-oriented university-museum collaboration in Nanchang, and proposes targeted optimization pathways. Taking universities and red-culture museums in Nanchang as research objects, this study employs policy interpretation, case analysis, and logical deduction to provide management-based solutions for red culture university-museum collaboration in the digital age. All analyses are strictly based on authentic academic literature and official policy documents, emphasizing managerial logic, organizational mechanisms, and practical orientation while excluding economic jargon.
Copyright (c) 2026 Qiaoting Zhou, Haiqiang Wang (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Role of Artificial Intelligence Applications in Enhancing Healthcare Professionals’ Performance in the Context of “Internet Plus Healthcare”
Against the backdrop of the deepening national strategy of “Internet Plus Healthcare,” artificial intelligence technology is reshaping healthcare service models. As core users of AI, healthcare professionals’ job performance has become a critical issue requiring urgent exploration. Existing research primarily focuses on AI’s improvement of patient treatment outcomes, while the impact on healthcare professionals’ performance lacks systematic analysis. This study constructs a conceptual framework integrating multiple pathways linking AI understanding and trust, Job performance, and Presenteeism, grounded in the Technology Acceptance Model, Social Technological Systems Theory, and Resource Conservation Theory. The findings indicate that AI’ s performance-enhancing effects on healthcare workers are conditional and complex, requiring cognitive empowerment as a prerequisite, workflow optimization as a vehicle, and physical and mental health safeguards as a foundation. This research provides theoretical grounding and practical guidance for human resource management in the era of smart healthcare.
Copyright (c) 2026 Yingnuo Qi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Case Analysis of Internal Control in Hainan Airlines (HNA) Group
Hainan Airlines (HNA) Group, once a leading enterprise in China’s aviation and tourism industry, fell into a systemic operational and financial crisis and entered bankruptcy reorganization in January 2021, due to severe internal control deficiencies in the process of aggressive M&A-driven diversification. This study takes HNA Group’s internal control failure as a typical case, systematically analyzes the evolution, core defects and root causes of its internal control problems based on the COSO 2013 Internal Control-Integrated Framework. By supplementing detailed textual interpretation of core financial indicators, streamlining causal analysis logic, and linking optimization measures closely to COSO’s five internal control elements, this paper clarifies the two-way vicious cycle between aggressive diversification strategy and internal control system failure. The study also standardizes industry benchmark data sources and time alignment, and further distills empirical findings, managerial implications and normative recommendations from the case. The research contributes to the enrichment of internal control theory in the context of enterprise diversification, and provides practical reference for Chinese enterprises to optimize internal control systems and avoid operational risks in strategic expansion.
Copyright (c) 2026 Jiaxuan Li (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Exploring Culture-Tourism Integration to Promote Traditional Culture and Tourism Development
Culture-tourism integration is a core approach to revitalizing and inheriting traditional culture and upgrading the tourism industry. It is critical for regional cultural preservation, service optimization, and governance efficiency. Based on collaborative governance theory and the resource-based view, this study systematically analyzes the realistic foundation, core managerial dilemmas, and internal mechanism of the integration of traditional culture and tourism in Jiangxi, and proposes targeted optimization paths. Taking Jiangxi’s ceramic culture, revolutionary heritage, and Hakka culture as research objects, this study adopts policy analysis, case analysis, and logical deduction to provide management solutions for the deep integration of regional culture and tourism. All analyses rely on authentic literature and official policy documents, emphasizing managerial logic and practical orientation while avoiding excessive economic jargon.
Copyright (c) 2026 Haiqiang Wang, Qiaoting Zhou (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Changes in China's Fiscal Revenue and Expenditure Structure During the "14th Five-Year Plan" Period: Characteristics, Drivers and Policy Optimization (Based on Data from 2019-2024)
Taking the 14th Five-Year Plan period as the research object, this paper systematically analyzes the characteristics of the change in China's fiscal revenue and expenditure structure and its drivers based on the fiscal data of 2019-2024, and puts forward corresponding policy optimization suggestions. The study finds that during the 14th Five-Year Plan period, the structure of China's fiscal revenue and expenditure shows the general characteristics of "low revenue before and high expenditure after, and rigid expenditure growth", and the structure of fiscal expenditure is constantly optimized, with the proportion of expenditure on people's livelihood continuing to increase, and the proportion of expenditure on economic construction decreasing. Empirical analysis shows that economic growth, changes in industrial structure, population aging and other factors are important factors affecting the change of fiscal revenue and expenditure structure. Based on this, this paper puts forward policy suggestions in terms of optimizing the structure of fiscal expenditure, improving the tax system, and strengthening fiscal sustainability, in order to provide reference for promoting China's sustainable fiscal development.
Copyright (c) 2026 Jiayue Lang, Yimiao Zhang, Chuheng Lei (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
A Study on the Varied Needs for Age-Friendly Home Adaptations Among Elderly Individuals Living at Home and Their Influencing Factors
This study investigates the varied needs for age-friendly home adaptations among community-dwelling elderly individuals and their influencing factors based on the national Long-Term Care Disability Grading Assessment Standard. By constructing a three-dimensional assessment framework encompassing disability severity, family support, and home environment, the research reveals that elderly disability levels are significantly influenced by age, family emotional relationships, caregiver presence, and home safety environment. The findings demonstrate that single-dimensional assessments are inadequate for comprehensively identifying care needs, highlighting the necessity of establishing an integrated multidimensional assessment mechanism matching functional impairment with environmental factors. The study provides empirical evidence for developing tiered and categorized renovation strategies and offers practical guidance for achieving the strategic goal of home-based care within China's "9073" elderly care service system.
Copyright (c) 2026 Luyao Pan, Wanting Lin, Xiangyu Chen (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
A Study on the Matching of Community Service Supply with the Needs of Family Carers for Elderly People with Dementia in a Subdistrict of Y City
To investigate the alignment between community services and the needs of family carers for elderly individuals with dementia, this study employed Coupling Theory. A questionnaire survey was conducted among 514 households across 32 communities in a sub-district of Y City. An independent samples t-test was used to quantitatively analyse the coupling degree between the two systems.Statistical analysis revealed significant discrepancies between community service provision and family care needs (t=-2.256, p=0.036), indicating low current coupling between the two systems and a mismatch characterised by "high demand, low supply". Specifically, the core contradictions, ranked by urgency, are: widespread lack of financial support (demand: 78.2%, coverage: only 13.1%), policy implementation bottlenecks (awareness rate: 17.3%, 38.8% perceive cumbersome procedures), shortage of professional care services (e.g., skills guidance coverage at 14.0%), and mismatch between infrastructure supply and demand (age-friendly renovation demand at 57.3%, supply at 28.5%). Findings indicate loose coupling between community support systems and family care systems, with ineffective coordination persisting. Consequently, efforts must focus on enhancing systemic integration by establishing a "co-construction and shared-benefit" network involving multi-stakeholder collaboration among government, communities, medical-care institutions, and social forces. This requires strengthening financial support, streamlining policy procedures, expanding professional services, and advancing facility ageing-friendly modifications to improve service precision and systemic integration, thereby solidifying the foundation for home-based care.
Copyright (c) 2026 Yilin Hao, Zhihui Wei (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Role of Intelligent Security Prevention Technology in Crime Prevention — A Crime Deterrence Based on Technological Means
With the rapid development of technology, smart security technology is playing an increasingly important role in the field of crime prevention. This article explores the deterrent effect of technological means on crime, and delves into the application and effectiveness of smart security technology in crime prevention. By analyzing various smart security technologies such as intelligent monitoring, biometric recognition, big data analysis, etc., this article elaborates on how they can achieve early warning, accurate identification, and effective prevention and control of criminal behavior. Based on practical cases in Chinese society, demonstrate the significant effects of smart security technology in reducing crime rates and enhancing public safety. At the same time, exploring the challenges and future development trends faced by current smart security technology provides theoretical support and practical reference for further improving the level of social security prevention and control.
Copyright (c) 2025 Hao Zhou (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Impact of Artificial Intelligence on Strategic Technology Management: A Mixed-Methods Analysis of Resources, Capabilities, and Human-AI Collaboration
This paper investigates the effective integration of artificial intelligence (AI) into Strategic Technology Management (STM) practices to enhance the strategic alignment and effectiveness of technology investments. The study aims to understand how AI fundamentally transforms STM under conditions of uncertainty and what organizational prerequisites are necessary for successful adoption. A mixed-methods approach was employed, combining quantitative analysis of survey data (n=230) with qualitative insights derived from expert interviews (n=14). This methodology addressed three critical research questions: the success factors AI introduces for STM roadmap formulation, the resources and capabilities required for AI-enhanced STM, and the optimal design principles for human-AI interaction in complex STM tasks. The findings demonstrate that AI transforms STM by enabling data-driven strategic alignment and continuous adaptation, with success depending upon cultivating proprietary data ecosystems, specialized human talent, and robust governance capabilities. The research synthesizes these elements into the AI-based Strategic Technology Management (AIbSTM) conceptual framework, structured across strategic alignment, resource-based view, and human-AI interaction layers. The research concludes that the most viable integration trajectory is human-centric augmentation, where AI serves as a collaborative partner to human judgment rather than an autonomous replacement. This work extends the Resource-Based View to AI contexts and offers a prescriptive framework for practitioners navigating AI integration in strategic technology management.
Copyright (c) 2025 Massimo Fascinari, Vincent English (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Research on the Measurement and Improvement Path of Airport Economic Development Efficiency
This paper adopts the super-efficiency SBM model to evaluate the efficiency of core airports in 17 airside economic demonstration zones during the period from 2019 to 2023, and employs the Malmquist index to analyze the dynamic changes in their output efficiency. The results indicate that among these 17 core airports, Ningbo Lishe International Airport, Shanghai Hongqiao International Airport, and Guangzhou Baiyun International Airport achieved the highest efficiency levels, whereas Beijing Daxing International Airport, Qingdao Jiaodong International Airport, and Guiyang Longdongbao International Airport exhibited relatively low efficiency. Over the five-year period, the overall productivity of all airports has witnessed a significant improvement. On the one hand, technological progress has played a driving role in enhancing overall efficiency; on the other hand, most airports maintain high scale efficiency, which has exerted a positive impact on overall productivity. Finally, this paper proposes targeted paths for improving the development efficiency of the airside economy from the dual perspectives of airport management and policy formulation.
Copyright (c) 2025 Jiaxin Liang, Bo Lin, Jie Tang (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Unmet Care Needs and Influencing Factors in Older Adults with Disabilities and Chronic Conditions
To examine the prevalence and determinants of unmet care needs among older adults with disabilities and chronic conditions, with the aim of mitigating the adverse effects of these unmet needs and providing a theoretical foundation for enhancing long-term care services for this population. Based on data from the 2018 China Health Survey of the Elderly, Anderson's health behavior model was applied, and binary logistic regression was used for data analysis. Fifty percent of older adults with disabilities and chronic conditions experienced unmet care needs. Factors influencing these unmet needs included rural versus urban household registration (hukou), degree of disability, economic status, adequacy of living resources, and primary caregivers' willingness. Professional care should be provided for older adults with moderate to severe disabilities and chronic conditions. Hypertension awareness education should be strengthened. Particular attention should be paid to older adults with disabilities and chronic conditions facing economic hardship in rural areas, and efforts should focus on enhancing primary caregivers' willingness.
Older Adults with Disabilities and Chronic Conditions
Copyright (c) 2025 Wanting Lin, Luyao Pan, Xiangyu Chen (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Rethinking University Governance in China: A Theoretical Perspective on Autonomy and Accountability
This study examines the evolving relationship between institutional autonomy and accountability in China’s higher education system. Historically characterized by strong government coordination, Chinese universities have, in recent decades, experienced gradual expansion of decision-making authority in areas such as academic programs, personnel management, and resource allocation. Drawing on policy analysis and existing scholarship, this article adopts a conceptual and historical approach to explore contemporary governance arrangements. Using perspectives from governance theory and comparative higher education studies, the paper analyzes how autonomy and accountability are configured in the Chinese context. The findings suggest that universities have gained increased flexibility in academic and administrative practices, while public authorities continue to play an important role in guiding overall development priorities and ensuring alignment with broader societal goals. Recent reforms have introduced elements of performance-oriented governance, including competitive funding schemes and evaluation initiatives such as the “Double First-Class” program, which link institutional development with measurable outcomes. These mechanisms have contributed to improvements in research capacity and international competitiveness, while also reshaping institutional behavior and management practices. The study characterizes China’s university governance as a hybrid model, combining expanded institutional discretion with structured oversight and evaluation frameworks. Looking ahead, further refinement of governance arrangements may involve strengthening institutional capacity, improving evaluation systems, and promoting a balanced focus on educational quality, innovation, and social relevance.
Ideological and Political Education in the Digital Era: Challenges and Opportunities in China
The digital era has profoundly reshaped educational practices worldwide, including the field of ideological and political education (IPE) in China. Universities increasingly employ online platforms, social media, and artificial intelligence to disseminate Marxist theory and socialist core values. This review examines how digitalization is transforming IPE, highlighting both expanded opportunities for engagement and emerging challenges. Drawing on literature published between 2019 and 2025, the study adopts a theoretical review approach informed by constructivist learning theory, Marxist pedagogical principles, and media ecology. Findings show that digital technologies—such as Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs), specialized learning applications, and AI-supported personalized systems—have broadened access to ideological content and improved student motivation and learning outcomes in political theory courses. Innovative pedagogical models, including blended learning, flipped classrooms, and game-based learning, further promote active participation and critical thinking. However, significant challenges remain. The digital divide between urban and rural regions continues to produce unequal access to technological resources and digital literacy. Additionally, the overwhelming presence of online information and entertainment risks “ideological dilution,” while educators face mounting pressure to adapt to rapidly evolving technologies without adequate training. Overall, IPE in China stands at a pivotal moment. Digitalization offers powerful opportunities to enrich, modernize, and personalize ideological education, but realizing these benefits requires targeted investment in infrastructure, teacher professional development, and content governance. With strategic planning, the digital transformation of IPE can strengthen students’ ideological understanding and civic competence, ensuring its continued relevance in the new era.
Copyright (c) 2025 Yang Li (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Cultivating Core Socialist Values among University Students: The Role of Ideological and Political Education in China
Cultivating the next generation’s commitment to core socialist values has become a central goal of China’s higher education in the Xi Jinping era. University students are a critical group for instilling these values, which include prosperity, democracy, civility, harmony, freedom, equality, justice, rule of law, patriotism, dedication, integrity, and friendship. This article adopts a literature-based analysis, reviewing research and policy developments from the past five years on ideological and political education (IPE) in Chinese universities. Key sources include recent academic studies, government guidelines, and practical case studies. The review finds that Chinese universities have integrated core socialist values throughout curricula, campus culture, and extracurricular programs. Innovations such as curriculum-based ideological education, new media engagement, volunteer service, and peer mentoring are used to enhance value internalization. Studies report improved student understanding and more positive attitudes when IPE employs interactive, student-centered methods rather than relying solely on top-down theoretical instruction. At the same time, challenges persist in truly embedding these values into students’ personal belief systems, as some education approaches remain overly formalistic or disconnected from students’ lived experiences. Effective cultivation of core values requires a holistic approach: updated teaching methods, rich practical opportunities, competent and exemplary instructors, and leveraging of technology and media to connect with students. The paper discusses how these strategies can address current gaps—such as low student engagement or superficial understanding—and argues that IPE plays an irreplaceable role in guiding youth values, fostering civic quality, and ensuring ideological continuity. Through continual innovation and commitment to student-centered pedagogy, ideological and political education in China can more successfully cultivate core socialist values among university students, contributing to both individual development and the broader goal of national rejuvenation.
Cinemetrics in the Digital Humanities Era: Theoretical Evolution, Methodological Innovation, and Research Frontiers
Cinemetrics has emerged as an interdisciplinary field within Digital Humanities, undergoing a developmental trajectory from Barry Salt’s scientistic foundation through Yuri Tsivian’s platform building to the current computational phase driven by computer vision technologies. This article traces the theoretical genealogy of Cinemetrics, with particular attention to its paradigm shift from “container” measurements such as cutting rate and shot duration to “content” analysis of color, sets, props, and costumes. We synthesize research across four thematic dimensions: epistemological debates and methodological paradigms; technical evolution and multimodal expansion; localized development in China and cross-cultural adaptations; and research gaps and future possibilities. Chinese scholars have conducted significant localized explorations in directorial style analysis, genre evolution studies, narrative quantification, production design research, and industrial mode investigations. Yet the field still faces persistent challenges, including small sample sizes, limited causal inference methods, and insufficient integration with film theory. This review advances two core propositions: Cinemetrics represents a fundamental paradigm transformation from meaning-oriented interpretation to form-based measurement; successful research requires integrating three dimensions—technological capability, cultural contextualization, and methodological rigor. Future work should move from descriptive statistics to causal inference, develop localized datasets and open-science platforms, and build constructive dialogue between quantitative measurement and interpretive meaning-making, thereby transforming Cinemetrics from a marginal tool into a core research paradigm.
Copyright (c) 2025 Bowen Chen (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Research on Cost and Expense Management in the New Tea Beverage Industry: A Case Study of Bawang Tea Princess
Amid intensifying competition and rising costs in the new tea beverage industry, effective cost management has become crucial for enterprises to build core competitiveness. This paper examines the rapidly rising and publicly listed new-style Chinese-inspired tea beverage brand Bawang Tea Princess as a case study, delving into its cost management practices. Based on the company’s financial data from 2021 to 2024, the research systematically evaluates its cost control effectiveness through trend analysis of core indicators such as gross profit margin, net profit margin, and cost-to-profit ratio, while benchmarking against brands like Heytea and Milk Snow Ice City. Findings reveal that through vertical supply chain integration, technological empowerment, and refined operations, Bawang Tea Princess achieved a significant increase in cost-to-revenue ratio despite raw material cost fluctuations, demonstrating strong profit resilience. However, its current cost management still faces challenges including raw material price volatility risks, high marketing expenses, and insufficient localization strategies. Accordingly, this paper proposes systematic improvement measures across dimensions such as building resilient supply chains, deepening digital transformation, optimizing marketing ROI, and advancing ESG strategies. These aim to provide valuable insights for Bawang Tea Princess and similar new tea beverage enterprises to optimize cost structures and achieve sustainable development.
Copyright (c) 2025 Yutong Zhao, Sinuo Liu, Siqi Peng (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
A Statistical Study on Online Consumption of College Students During the "Double Eleven" Shopping Festival
In recent years, with the rapid development of the internet, the "Double Eleven" shopping festival has become a pivotal consumption node in China's e-commerce market. As an emerging force in online shopping, college students exhibit unique consumption behaviors worthy of in-depth research. This study focuses on students from Beijing City University, employing questionnaire surveys to analyze their online consumption behaviors and influencing factors during the 2023 "Double Eleven" period. The findings reveal a polarized distribution of consumption amounts among college students, with significant gender differences. Female students, more susceptible to promotional atmospheres and social influences, generally spend more than their male counterparts, favoring socially oriented products such as cosmetics and apparel. In contrast, male students lean toward utilitarian consumption, focusing on functional goods like electronics and gaming products. Additionally, grade-level differences indicate that freshmen exhibit higher spending peaks, likely due to initial lifestyle establishment or weaker financial prudence, while upperclassmen show more rational consumption patterns, possibly influenced by academic pressures or increased savings awareness.
Copyright (c) 2025 Chuheng Lei, Ziqi Hu (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Digital Transformation in Chinese Higher Education: Leadership and Governance Perspectives
The digital transformation of higher education is reshaping universities worldwide, demanding new leadership approaches and governance frameworks. In China, national initiatives and policies have accelerated the digitization of universities, positioning digital transformation as a strategic priority for educational modernization. This review examines how leadership and governance in Chinese higher education are responding to the digital era, synthesizing findings from recent literature (2019–2025). Background: Chinese universities are tasked with implementing ambitious programs (e.g. “Double First-Class” initiative and Education Informatization 2.0) to enhance global competitiveness through technology integration. Methods: A comprehensive literature review was conducted, drawing on academic studies, policy analyses, and case reports to identify key themes regarding leadership roles, governance changes, challenges, and outcomes in China’s digital higher education transformation. Results: The analysis reveals that effective digital transformation in Chinese universities is underpinned by visionary leadership and supportive governance structures. University leaders are developing digital strategies aligned with national policy, fostering organizational change, and building digital capacities among faculty and staff. Governance reforms – including new administrative units, data governance policies, and cross-departmental collaboration mechanisms – are emerging to manage digital initiatives. However, challenges persist: disparities in digital readiness, resistance to change, and the need for greater digital literacy and culture limit transformation efforts. Conclusions: Chinese higher education’s digital transformation showcases the critical interplay between strong leadership and adaptive governance. University leaders who champion innovation and align institutional governance with technological change are better positioned to realize the benefits of digital education. The findings highlight strategies to overcome implementation barriers and offer insights for other systems navigating similar transitions.
Lifelong Learning Policies in China: The Role of University Continuing Education Programs
Lifelong learning has become a cornerstone of educational policy worldwide, and China is no exception. In recent years, China has elevated lifelong learning to a national strategy to ensure inclusive and equitable quality education for all. University continuing education programs – encompassing adult education, online education, self-taught examinations, and open universities – play a pivotal role in this lifelong learning system. This theoretical review analyzes policy documents, statistical reports, and recent studies (2019–2025) on China’s lifelong learning initiatives and university continuing education. We synthesize data from government sources and scholarly research to evaluate how continuing education programs in universities contribute to national lifelong learning goals. The review finds that China’s government has been the primary driver in expanding lifelong learning opportunities through an extensive continuing education network. As of 2021, 1,725 higher education institutions offered continuing education, enrolling about 12.09 million adult learners – roughly 25% of all higher education students. Policies such as the Education Modernization 2035 blueprint reaffirm the goal of a learning society, and recent guidelines (2022–2025) emphasize shifting from expansion to quality improvement in continuing education. Continuing education programs have enabled a “second chance” for millions of adults to obtain higher qualifications, contributed to the massification of tertiary education, and increasingly leverage digital platforms to broaden access. University continuing education in China has significantly advanced lifelong learning, evidenced by positive outcomes like improved career prospects and personal development for adult learners. However, challenges remain in ensuring program quality, relevance to market needs, and learner engagement. The discussion considers reforms such as the 2022 termination of the separate online college pilot to integrate resources, the rise of open universities, and the need for innovative teaching models in adult learning. China’s experience illustrates that strong policy support and university initiative can greatly expand lifelong learning opportunities. As China transitions from an enrollment-driven approach to one focused on quality and inclusiveness, university continuing education programs will remain central to building a learning society. This review offers insights into how policy and practice converge to sustain lifelong learning at scale, and what challenges must be addressed to further improve the system.
Managing Continuing Education in the Digital Age: A Case Study of Online Programs in China
The digital age has profoundly transformed continuing education, especially in China where online programs have expanded opportunities for adult learners. Continuing education – alternative higher education pathways for adults – has been part of China’s system since the 1950s, but gained new prominence after the 1980s economic reforms. This article adopts a theoretical review and case study approach. We analyze policy documents, recent statistics, and scholarly studies from the last five years to examine how China manages continuing education in the digital era. Key sources include government guidelines, national platforms, and empirical research on online learning outcomes and learner experiences. We find that China’s continuing education sector has undergone massive digital expansion. Online programs now enroll millions of adult learners, supported by government initiatives like the Smart Education of China platform launched in 2020. During the Corona Virus Disease pandemic, a nationwide “Classes Suspended but Learning Continues” campaign moved education online, accelerating digital adoption in continuing education. By 2021, online and open education students comprised roughly one-quarter of all higher education enrollments. Performance data indicate that well-managed online instruction can yield equal or even improved academic outcomes for learners. However, challenges such as quality assurance, digital divides, and varied student engagement remain. China’s case demonstrates that with strong policy support and technological infrastructure, large-scale online continuing education can be achieved, expanding access to lifelong learning. Effective management in the digital age requires a shift from quantitative expansion to qualitative improvement. China is implementing reforms to standardize programs, ensure a blend of online/offline learning, and align continuing education with national development needs. This study offers insights for other countries on balancing innovation with oversight in continuing education.
Pursuing World-Class Universities: Managerial Challenges under China’s Double First-Class Initiative
China’s “Double First-Class” (DFC) Initiative represents a landmark policy to develop world-class universities and disciplines, building on earlier programs like Project 211 and 985. This study examines the managerial challenges posed by the DFC Initiative. The pursuit of world-class status in Chinese higher education is occurring in a context of intense global competition and national aspirations. We conducted a qualitative analysis of policy documents, institutional reports, and existing literature to identify prevalent administrative and governance issues. Key challenges include balancing performance mandates with university autonomy, inequitable resource allocation favoring a select elite, heightened pressure on faculty to “publish or perish,” and a tendency toward quantitative metrics and rankings as proxies for quality. These pressures have led to unintended outcomes such as “academic utilitarianism” and neglect of teaching and unranked disciplines. While the DFC Initiative has propelled some Chinese universities toward higher global standings, it has also exacerbated governance tensions and regional disparities. The study concludes that sustainable world-class development in China requires management strategies that mitigate competition’s downsides, promote inclusive growth of non-elite institutions, and refine evaluation systems beyond simplistic ranking indicators.